Letter Names: this assessment consists of both upper- and lowercase alphabet letters that are presented in an order based on empirical evidence of difficulty. The student is required to name the letters that are presented by row; all letter names that are identified correctly within a one-minute period constitute the raw score.

Letter Sounds: contains lower- and uppercase letters and letter pairs in an order based on the empirical evidence of their difficulty. The student must identify the letter sound that is made by the letter(s). The total score is comprised of the sum of all correctly identified letter sounds named in one minute.

Phoneme Segmenting: contains items that require the student to identify the individual phonemes in each word that is orally presented by the teacher/examiner. The total score is the total number of correct phonemes identified within a one-minute period.

Word Reading Fluency and Passage Reading Fluency: these measures assess fluency of words read in isolation and in context. They include words with both regular and irregular sound patterns and in a variety of lengths. As with the early literacy measures, the words contained in the Word Reading Fluency measures are presented in order of increasing difficulty and vary in complexity. The total score for both Word Reading Fluency and Passage Reading Fluency is the number of words read correctly within a one-minute period.

Multiple Choice Reading Comprehension measure (MCRC): an untimed assessment that measures student comprehension of written text. These measures are designed for students in grades 2–8. Multiple-choice questions at the end of the passage assess students’ literal, inferential, and (in grades 3–8) evaluative comprehension of text.

Vocabulary: intended to measure vocabulary proficiency appropriate for a student’s grade level. The bank of items represents a wide range of difficulty all aligned to grade-level content standards. The test can be administered via paper-and-pencil or online and takes approximately 10 to 15 minutes to complete. The total score is the number of correct responses that the student provides.

Math: these assessments were developed to assess students’ mastery of the knowledge and skills outlined in the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) focal points and standards. They were designed to focus more on students’ conceptual understanding than on basic computational skills.